August 2005
Not Snake but Scorpion Oil
Chinese scientists have inserted scorpion and moth genes into oilseed rape (canola) plants to make them
poisonous to insects feeding on them. The researchers say that using two foreign genes at the same time means insect pests will be less likely to develop resistance to the genetically modified (GM) plants. The researchers tested the GM plants by exposing them to caterpillars of the diamondback moth. All of the plants showed some defense against the caterpillars, although the extent of this varied from plant to plant. The caterpillar has developed resistance to several available pesticides. There are also reports they are becoming resistant to B.t. plants, which are genetically modified to produce a toxin that kills insects but is harmless to birds and mammals. The Chinese team, led by Jingxue Wang of the Agri-Biotechnology Research Centre of Shanxi Province, inserted two genes at once to overcome this problem.
The gene from the Asian scorpion (Buthus martensi) produces a poison that specifically affects insect nervous systems, leading to paralysis. The gene from the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) produces a chemical that breaks down chitin, a major component of insects' outer surface and gut lining. Because it is unlikely that a caterpillar would be able to resist both toxins at once, the researchers say their approach could slow down and minimize the chance of an insect developing resistance to the plants. They also suggest using their approach in combination with the B.t. toxin genes already widely used.
Eric Messens, a professor at Ghent University, Belgium, warns however that some scorpion toxins previously thought to affect only insects can also affect mammals. He said that detailed studies must be conducted to see whether the toxins produced by the GM plants affect human health. Another concern about GM oilseed rape is that insects or the wind could carry pollen with foreign genes into non-GM oilseed rape crops or related species.
“Discussions about biosafety should be based on the results of practical case studies and not on worst case scenarios," says Gerhard Schwarz, a researcher at the Germany-based EpiGene company. Schwarz and colleagues published a two-year field study of GM oilseed rape online in the European Journal of Agronomy in June. The team found that genetic contamination of non-GM plants with GM genes could be kept below the 0.9 per cent level required by European food labeling rules, without limiting the distance between the two sets of crops. "Our results showed that the gene flow by pollen dispersal can be brought under control and does not lead to a biological catastrophe. GM crops can therefore co-exist with conventional and organic farming,” he added. (SciDev.Net, 8/2/05).
